LONDON: From the hammer blow of Brexit to turbulence in Catalonia, new forms of nationalism are testing the relevance and unity of the European Union, analysts say. The crisis in Spain served as a stark reminder of the fault lines that run through Europe, with a country’s central government battling a region whose leaders want to break away, reports AFP. In Britain, the cry for sovereignty brought 17.4 million people to the polls to vote for Brexit in June 2016. Campaigners also played on anger about having to fund the EU—arguing that it imposed bureaucratic rules from afar and prevented the country from engaging with the rest of the world.

In Catalonia, emotional arguments dating back to the Franco dictatorship combined with economic issues to fuel calls for independence.

“The nationalists understood that in developed and prosperous regions, you can no longer simply appeal to the idea of historic oppression,” said Bruno Yammine, a Belgium-based historian.

“Economic arguments have now legitimised cultural and ethnic nationalism, especially by renouncing fiscal solidarity with poorer regions,” he added.

The “Brexiteers” argued that money currently being paid by London to the EU would be better spent on the public health service, despite their financial figures being hotly disputed.

In Barcelona, “there was the idea of a Catalonia that could be an international platform within the framework of the EU, a North American style of platform that could bring additional growth,” said Andres de Blas Guerrero, a political scientist at Spain’s National University of Distance Education.

Other sentiments seized on by populist nationalists include the threat of immigration to national identity and a rejection of elites.