The island that forever changed science
When we think of
evolution, we think of Charles Darwin. Yet on a tiny, volcanic, Indonesian island, a
little-known naturalist formulated a theory that would shape the world
of science
Theodora Sutcliffe
The Indonesian island of Ternate, like its neighbour Tidore, is almost all volcano. It sprouts from the sea, an almost-perfect, yet truncated cone, wreathed in steamy clouds and fringed with a narrow strip of flatlands and beach that house an airport, a city and an around-the-island road.
Even in the run-up to the tourist event of the millennium, the full solar eclipse of March 2016, Ternate felt a remote place: the sort of island where its hard for a foreigner to cover more than a few metres without being enlisted for a group selfie, and small children greet you, gender regardless, with cheery cries of Hello Mister! It seems an implausible location, all in all, for one of sciences great eureka moments, when a Victorian naturalist put pen to paper and outlined the theory of evolution through natural selection.
It seems an implausible location, all in all, for one of sciences great eureka moments
When 35-year-old Alfred Russel Wallace arrived in Ternate in January 1858, hed been exploring the vast and sprawling mass of islands he called the Malay Archipelago for almost four years. Travelling thousands of miles by steamer, sailing ships and native boats, on horseback and on foot, he and his assistants had killed, skinned or pinned tens of thousands of specimens, from orangutans to birds of paradise to the sloth-like marsupial known as the cuscus, not to mention thousands of species of beetle.
By then, Ternates glory days were over, swept away by colonisation. For millennia, cloves had grown only on Ternate, Tidore and a handful of nearby islands and for more than 3,000 years theyd crossed continents in an elaborate web of barter and trade, gaining value with each transaction. Enriched by this precious traffic, the sultans of Ternate laid claim to an empire that stretched as far as the Philippines and Papua and engaged in vicious rivalry with the sultans of equally tiny Tidore.
Today the piney, mulled-wine scent of drying cloves sweeps across the island during harvest time, and clove trees clothe the volcanos lower slopes: small boys in nylon football shorts wait by the roadside to escort you to the towering tree that is, they claim, the oldest in the world. But first the Dutch, then the British broke the sultans clove monopoly. By 1858, the island that had attracted the pirate-navigator Francis Drake and the explorer Ferdinand Magellan was a backwater.
Wallace took a tumble-down house surrounded by fruit trees, five minutes walk from the market on the outskirts of what is now Ternate City. Although local guides promote several different houses as the spot where Wallace lived, its almost certainly long gone.
There were two roads that it could have been along, given the information he gave us, said Wallace expert John Van Wyhe of the National University of Singapore. There are no houses even half the age they should be.
Wallace had barely moved in to his shady house with its cool, freshwater well when he fell sick, most likely with malaria. Cold sweats alternated with hot fits, and Wallace had to lie down for hours at a time, with nothing to do but think. Far from home, freezing or sweltering in the shadow of the volcano, quite likely in fear for his life, Wallaces mind turned to Thomas Malthus, the Georgian-era intellectual who had argued that nature kept human populations down by disease, famine, war and accidents and realised a similar logic could apply to animal species.
During his travels through what is today mostly Indonesia, Wallace had seen thousands of thought-provoking creatures. There was the flying frog, which demonstrated how toes already adapted for swimming and climbing could be used to soar through the air.
There were orangutans, which perhaps had their own ancestors, like chimpanzees and gorillas; Wallace had tended a baby as a pet. Sickness and perhaps with it the prospect of his own extinction concentrated his mind. Vaguely thinking over the enormous and constant destruction which this implied, it occurred to me to ask the question, why do some die and some live? he later wrote.
And the answer was clearly, that on the whole, the best fitted live. Natural selection was, Wallace realised in a flash, the mechanism by which species evolved and came to be.
Inspired, Wallace waited anxiously for his fever to pass, and quickly noted down the outline of a paper. - BBC
