Preserved in Amber
By Kristin Romey
The tail of a 99-million-year-old dinosaur, including bones, soft tissue, and even feathers, has been found preserved in amber, according to a report published today in the journal Current Biology.
While individual dinosaur-era feathers have been found in amber, and evidence for feathered dinosaurs is captured in fossil impressions, this is the first time that scientists are able to clearly associate well-preserved feathers with a dinosaur, and in turn gain a better understanding of the evolution and structure of dinosaur feathers.
The research, led by paleontologist Lida Xing of the China University of Geosciences, was funded in part by the National Geographic Societys Expeditions Council.
The semi-translucent mid-Cretaceous amber sample, roughly the size and shape of a dried apricot, captures one of the earliest moments of differentiation between the feathers of birds of flight and the feathers of dinosaurs. Inside the lump of resin is a 1.4-inch appendage covered in delicate feathers, described as chestnut brown with a pale or white underside.
Based on the structure of the tail, researchers believe it belongs to a juvenile coelurosaur, part of a group of theropod dinosaurs that includes everything from tyrannosaurs to modern birds.
The presence of articulated tail vertebrae in the sample enabled researchers to rule out the possibility that the feathers belonged to a prehistoric bird. Modern birds and their closest Cretaceous ancestors feature a set of fused tail vertebrae called a pygostyle that enables tail feathers to move as a single unit.
[A pygostyle] is the sort of thing youve seen if youve ever prepared a turkey, says study co-author Ryan McKellar, curator of invertebrate paleontology at Canadas Royal Saskatchewan Museum.
The dinosaur feathers feature a poorly defined central shaft (rachis) and appear to keel to either side of the tail. The open, flexible structure of the feathers is more similar to modern ornamental feathers than to flight feathers, which have well-defined central shafts, branches, sub-branches, and hooks that latch the structure together.
The current study concludes that if the entire length of the dinosaur tail was covered in the type of feathers seen in the sample, the dinosaur would likely have been incapable of flight. Rather, such feathers may have served a signaling function or played a role in temperature regulation, says McKellar.
The weakly developed tail feathers also suggest that the owner of the Cretaceous tail falls somewhere lower down on the evolutionary tree of theropod dinosaurs, perhaps a basal [primitive] maniraptoran, Xida suggests.
The amber sampleformally called DIP-V-15103 and nicknamed Eva in honor of paleobotanist Eva Koppelhus, the wife of co-author Philip Curriecomes from a mine in the Hukawng Valley in Kachin state, northern Myanmar. Amber from this region most likely contains the worlds largest variety of animal and plant life from the Cretaceous period.
It was one of more than a dozen amber samples with significant inclusions that were collected by Xing and his research team in 2015 at a well-known amber market in Myitkyina, the capital of Kachin state.
The majority of Burmese amber is used in jewelry and carvings, and the Eva sample had already been subject to shaping by the time it was collected by the researchers.
The modification had a silver lining, however: It offered a nice cross section through the tail that enabled the scientists to study the chemistry of the exposed surface, notes McKellar.
That study revealed the presence of ferrous iron, a decomposition product from the blood hemoglobin that was once present in the dinosaurs soft tissue.
The fact that [the iron] is still present gives us a lot of hope for future analysis, to obtain other chemical information on things like pigmentation or even to identify parts of the original keratin, says McKellar. Maybe not for this particular specimen, but for other [samples] down the road.
Meanwhile, Xing believes that the nearing end of a decades-old conflict between the Myanmar government and the Kachin Independence Army, which controls the Hukawng Valley, will lead to increased scientific access to the amber mines and, in, turn, to an increase in spectacular discoveries.
Maybe we can find a complete dinosaur, he speculates, rather confidently.
Source: National Geography
