Why cities are unleashing birds of prey into their skies

Birds of prey like hawks and falcons have been used for hunting for thousands of years. Now they are defending Britain’s towns from pests

But it is not just at the UK's Houses of Parliament that you might see a bird of prey swooping after problem birds. Hawks are also at work around the Scottish Parliament building in Edinburgh and in many other towns up and down the UK – as well as in other countries. Birds of prey have even been deployed in British seaside resorts to keep control of gull populations.

Clearly falconry is a hugely popular pest control measure. But is it effective?
There is simple and seductive logic behind the idea of falconry for bird control. Problem birds – usually pigeons or gulls – recognise a large bird of prey as a threat. As soon as the predator takes to the skies, they scatter.
Pest control is not really seen as a particularly sexy subject 
As a result, the problem birds should stay away as long as the bird of prey is flown in the area on a fairly regular basis. The falconer has modified their "landscape of fear", creating a hotspot of terror that they avoid because they associate it with a threat of predation.
Falconry has been used to keep birds away from airports and landfill sites for decades. Presumably it is effective to some degree, or the operators at these sites would have stopped paying the falconers long ago.
But exactly how effective? The question is not easy to answer because few scientists have investigated falconry for pest control.
"To some extent pest control is not really seen as a particularly sexy subject. It can get overlooked a little," says Aonghais Cook at the British Trust for Ornithology in Thetford, Norfolk.
In a study published in 2008 while he was at Newcastle University, Cook and his colleagues explored the subject. They investigated whether falconry and other pest control measures changed the behaviour of nuisance gulls at six landfill sites across the UK.
Falconry could be effective indefinitely, as long as there is enough money to pay the falconer to return on a regular basis 
His observations suggest falconry can have a useful impact, and that it may be a better long-term deterrent than some other anti-gull strategies.
Pest controllers use many gull deterrents at landfill sites, from crude methods like fireworks to more sophisticated approaches like playing seagull distress calls through loudspeakers. These methods might work for a while, but Cook and his colleagues found that over a few weeks the birds gradually realised that the threats were hollow and learned to ignore them.
But the pest birds cannot ignore a bird of prey. "A large falcon or hawk scares the birds off and keeps them off," says Cook.
In some cases, Cook found that the number of gulls on site was lower after a hawk had been used for several weeks than it was during the first few days following the introduction of the hawk. To put it another way, the predatory bird became a more effective threat with time.
In principle, it is possible that falconry could be effective indefinitely, as long as there is enough money to pay the falconer to return on a regular basis.
Alex Atkins of the University of Cape Town in South Africa has come to similar conclusions.
On South Africa's golf courses it is Egyptian geese that are the problem. Some golf course managers pay falconers to trundle around the fairways on golf buggies, flying Harris's hawks that spook the geese.
Falconry on its own is unlikely in most cases to solve the problem 
Atkins and his colleagues decided to examine whether the approach discourages geese from lingering on the links by monitoring geese at a golf course before and during a nine-week period in which falconry was introduced. Shortly after the falconry began, goose numbers fell by about 80%, and they remained low for the rest of the monitoring period.
"We found that the presence of an avian predator was effective enough to maintain low numbers of geese on the course, provided the falconry treatment was consistent and occurred once per week," says Atkins.
The hawks occasionally caught and killed a goose, he says. This might have kept the other geese alive to the threat and prevented them from habituating to the presence of the hawks.
So the science, what little of it there is, seems to suggest that falconry works. You might well expect professional pest controllers to thoroughly endorse this conclusion. But in fact they can be far more cautious.
"Falconry on its own is unlikely in most cases to solve the problem," says David Van Vynck of Van Vynck Environmental in Tilbury, UK, who has been in the pest control business since the 1980s.
If the hawk is not there, it has no effect 
His company uses a variety of pigeon control strategies. These include falconry, but Van Vynck says the birds of prey are generally only used to deter pigeons from roosting on a given building.
"We fly a Harris's hawk an hour before the pigeons wake up naturally," says Van Vynck. "Do that for about 10 days, and by the end the pigeons are so fed up about being disturbed that they'll find somewhere else to roost."
However, in other situations – particularly when it comes to discouraging pigeons from amassing in a town centre during the day – hawks are far less likely to have a long-term impact, says Van Vynck.
"People sometimes assume that hawks leave behind a scent that will deter the pigeons and keep them away," he says. "Nothing could be further from [the] truth. If the hawk is not there, it has no effect."
When the hawk vanishes, it makes sense for the pigeons to return 
When a falconer flies a hawk in a town centre, the pigeons in the area might well scatter. Just as the theory suggests, the hawk is seen as a threat and encourages the pigeons to fly away.
But within a few hours of the hawk leaving the area, the pigeons may well start to return. "You've not achieved any residual effect from what you're doing," says Van Vynck.
Oddly enough, it is probably another danger that lures the pigeons back, says ecologist Matthew Kauffman of the University of Wyoming in Laramie: not the threat of a predator, but the threat of starvation.
Often, pigeons congregate in city centres because they have identified the urban jungle as a great place to forage for food. One of their biggest sources of nourishment is the waste discarded by people passing through the city.
In 1995, wolves were successfully reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in the western US 
A hungry pigeon is always looking for places where both the risk of predation and the risk of starvation are acceptably low. The sudden appearance of a hawk is enough to encourage most pigeons to look elsewhere.
But when the hawk vanishes, it makes sense for the pigeons to return.
Kauffman says this balancing of risk – judging the relative threats of predation and starvation – also plays out elsewhere.
In 1995, wolves were successfully reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in the western US. By 2000, ecologists had noticed an unexpected ecological benefit. Along riverbanks and in meadows, aspen and willow trees seemed to be growing far more vigorously than before the wolves returned.
The idea just didn't quite ring true to what I was seeing 
Those trees are normally heavily nibbled by Yellowstone's elk population, so the ecologists concluded that the newly-returned wolves had begun hunting elk near the riverbanks and meadows. This scared the elk into permanently abandoning the areas – which in turn allowed the trees to grow without being heavily grazed.
At first, Kauffman had no reason to doubt this hypothesis. It seemed to make perfect sense.
But when he examined Yellowstone's ecology, he realised things were not quite so simple.
As far as Kauffman could tell, the aspen and willow trees were being grazed just as heavily as they had been before the wolf reintroduction. "The idea just didn't quite ring true to what I was seeing," he says.
A prey animal is constantly trading off risk of predation with risk of starvation 
After years of observation, he concluded that the initial ecological conclusions had been based on two incorrect assumptions.
First, Kauffman realised that wolves do not restrict their hunting to riverbanks and meadows. They might hunt there on occasion, but they are just as likely to target elk elsewhere.
Like a hawk hovering above a city square for a few hours each day, the wolves were not a consistent enough presence in meadows and along riverbanks to permanently influence the elk's behaviour. The elk had the option of returning to those areas when wolves were absent.
Second, like the pigeons, hungry elk are highly motivated to seek out food and avoid starvation.
This is particularly true for the elk because the winters in Yellowstone can be severe – and the tree saplings and other plants along the riverbanks and meadows were too nutritious to ignore.
City centres will probably remain desirable places for pigeons until efforts are made to remove waste food 
"It's something we ecologists forgot when we first looked at the Yellowstone ecosystem," says Kauffman. "A prey animal is constantly trading off risk of predation with risk of starvation. Both can kill you."
Kauffman stresses that these findings do not suggest the reintroduction of wolves to the park was any less successful than first thought. The goal was always to restore the Yellowstone ecosystem to its former state, not to improve the fate of willow and aspen.
But as far as urban pigeons go, there are some lessons from the Yellowstone case study, says Kauffman.
In particular, city centres will probably remain desirable places for pigeons until efforts are made to remove waste food.
The only feeding pattern I've been involved in breaking with falconry was in Trafalgar Square  Van Vynck's experience backs this up. He says he always encourages his clients to clean up litter as part of any effort to remove pigeons from a town centre.     – BBC 

Why cities are unleashing birds of prey into their skies

Birds of prey like hawks and falcons have been used for hunting for thousands of years. Now they are defending Britains towns from pests

But it is not just at the UKs Houses of Parliament that you might see a bird of prey swooping after problem birds. Hawks are also at work around the Scottish Parliament building in Edinburgh and in many other towns up and down the UK as well as in other countries. Birds of prey have even been deployed in British seaside resorts to keep control of gull populations. Clearly falconry is a hugely popular pest control measure. But is it effective? There is simple and seductive logic behind the idea of falconry for bird control. Problem birds usually pigeons or gulls recognise a large bird of prey as a threat. As soon as the predator takes to the skies, they scatter. Pest control is not really seen as a particularly sexy subject As a result, the problem birds should stay away as long as the bird of prey is flown in the area on a fairly regular basis. The falconer has modified their landscape of fear, creating a hotspot of terror that they avoid because they associate it with a threat of predation. Falconry has been used to keep birds away from airports and landfill sites for decades. Presumably it is effective to some degree, or the operators at these sites would have stopped paying the falconers long ago. But exactly how effective? The question is not easy to answer because few scientists have investigated falconry for pest control. To some extent pest control is not really seen as a particularly sexy subject. It can get overlooked a little, says Aonghais Cook at the British Trust for Ornithology in Thetford, Norfolk. In a study published in 2008 while he was at Newcastle University, Cook and his colleagues explored the subject. They investigated whether falconry and other pest control measures changed the behaviour of nuisance gulls at six landfill sites across the UK. Falconry could be effective indefinitely, as long as there is enough money to pay the falconer to return on a regular basis His observations suggest falconry can have a useful impact, and that it may be a better long-term deterrent than some other anti-gull strategies. Pest controllers use many gull deterrents at landfill sites, from crude methods like fireworks to more sophisticated approaches like playing seagull distress calls through loudspeakers. These methods might work for a while, but Cook and his colleagues found that over a few weeks the birds gradually realised that the threats were hollow and learned to ignore them. But the pest birds cannot ignore a bird of prey. A large falcon or hawk scares the birds off and keeps them off, says Cook. In some cases, Cook found that the number of gulls on site was lower after a hawk had been used for several weeks than it was during the first few days following the introduction of the hawk. To put it another way, the predatory bird became a more effective threat with time. In principle, it is possible that falconry could be effective indefinitely, as long as there is enough money to pay the falconer to return on a regular basis. Alex Atkins of the University of Cape Town in South Africa has come to similar conclusions. On South Africas golf courses it is Egyptian geese that are the problem. Some golf course managers pay falconers to trundle around the fairways on golf buggies, flying Harriss hawks that spook the geese. Falconry on its own is unlikely in most cases to solve the problem Atkins and his colleagues decided to examine whether the approach discourages geese from lingering on the links by monitoring geese at a golf course before and during a nine-week period in which falconry was introduced. Shortly after the falconry began, goose numbers fell by about 80%, and they remained low for the rest of the monitoring period. We found that the presence of an avian predator was effective enough to maintain low numbers of geese on the course, provided the falconry treatment was consistent and occurred once per week, says Atkins. The hawks occasionally caught and killed a goose, he says. This might have kept the other geese alive to the threat and prevented them from habituating to the presence of the hawks. So the science, what little of it there is, seems to suggest that falconry works. You might well expect professional pest controllers to thoroughly endorse this conclusion. But in fact they can be far more cautious. Falconry on its own is unlikely in most cases to solve the problem, says David Van Vynck of Van Vynck Environmental in Tilbury, UK, who has been in the pest control business since the 1980s. If the hawk is not there, it has no effect His company uses a variety of pigeon control strategies. These include falconry, but Van Vynck says the birds of prey are generally only used to deter pigeons from roosting on a given building. We fly a Harriss hawk an hour before the pigeons wake up naturally, says Van Vynck. Do that for about 10 days, and by the end the pigeons are so fed up about being disturbed that theyll find somewhere else to roost. However, in other situations particularly when it comes to discouraging pigeons from amassing in a town centre during the day hawks are far less likely to have a long-term impact, says Van Vynck. People sometimes assume that hawks leave behind a scent that will deter the pigeons and keep them away, he says. Nothing could be further from [the] truth. If the hawk is not there, it has no effect. When the hawk vanishes, it makes sense for the pigeons to return When a falconer flies a hawk in a town centre, the pigeons in the area might well scatter. Just as the theory suggests, the hawk is seen as a threat and encourages the pigeons to fly away. But within a few hours of the hawk leaving the area, the pigeons may well start to return. Youve not achieved any residual effect from what youre doing, says Van Vynck. Oddly enough, it is probably another danger that lures the pigeons back, says ecologist Matthew Kauffman of the University of Wyoming in Laramie: not the threat of a predator, but the threat of starvation. Often, pigeons congregate in city centres because they have identified the urban jungle as a great place to forage for food. One of their biggest sources of nourishment is the waste discarded by people passing through the city. In 1995, wolves were successfully reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in the western US A hungry pigeon is always looking for places where both the risk of predation and the risk of starvation are acceptably low. The sudden appearance of a hawk is enough to encourage most pigeons to look elsewhere. But when the hawk vanishes, it makes sense for the pigeons to return. Kauffman says this balancing of risk judging the relative threats of predation and starvation also plays out elsewhere. In 1995, wolves were successfully reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park in the western US. By 2000, ecologists had noticed an unexpected ecological benefit. Along riverbanks and in meadows, aspen and willow trees seemed to be growing far more vigorously than before the wolves returned. The idea just didnt quite ring true to what I was seeing Those trees are normally heavily nibbled by Yellowstones elk population, so the ecologists concluded that the newly-returned wolves had begun hunting elk near the riverbanks and meadows. This scared the elk into permanently abandoning the areas which in turn allowed the trees to grow without being heavily grazed. At first, Kauffman had no reason to doubt this hypothesis. It seemed to make perfect sense. But when he examined Yellowstones ecology, he realised things were not quite so simple. As far as Kauffman could tell, the aspen and willow trees were being grazed just as heavily as they had been before the wolf reintroduction. The idea just didnt quite ring true to what I was seeing, he says. A prey animal is constantly trading off risk of predation with risk of starvation After years of observation, he concluded that the initial ecological conclusions had been based on two incorrect assumptions. First, Kauffman realised that wolves do not restrict their hunting to riverbanks and meadows. They might hunt there on occasion, but they are just as likely to target elk elsewhere. Like a hawk hovering above a city square for a few hours each day, the wolves were not a consistent enough presence in meadows and along riverbanks to permanently influence the elks behaviour. The elk had the option of returning to those areas when wolves were absent. Second, like the pigeons, hungry elk are highly motivated to seek out food and avoid starvation. This is particularly true for the elk because the winters in Yellowstone can be severe and the tree saplings and other plants along the riverbanks and meadows were too nutritious to ignore. City centres will probably remain desirable places for pigeons until efforts are made to remove waste food Its something we ecologists forgot when we first looked at the Yellowstone ecosystem, says Kauffman. A prey animal is constantly trading off risk of predation with risk of starvation. Both can kill you. Kauffman stresses that these findings do not suggest the reintroduction of wolves to the park was any less successful than first thought. The goal was always to restore the Yellowstone ecosystem to its former state, not to improve the fate of willow and aspen. But as far as urban pigeons go, there are some lessons from the Yellowstone case study, says Kauffman. In particular, city centres will probably remain desirable places for pigeons until efforts are made to remove waste food. The only feeding pattern Ive been involved in breaking with falconry was in Trafalgar Square Van Vyncks experience backs this up. He says he always encourages his clients to clean up litter as part of any effort to remove pigeons from atown centre. BBC